Authorship, artificial intelligence, and global voids: toward convergent governance
Keywords:
artificial intelligence, copyright, international law, global governance, regulatory convergenceAbstract
The emergence of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the creation of scientific works poses an unprecedented challenge to copyright law at the global level. This analysis explores how AI, as a tool without legal personality, calls into question the fundamental principle of human authorship that has prevailed from the Berne Convention to current national legislations. Through a comparative study of emerging approaches in the European Union, the United States, and Japan, it becomes evident that the existing legal framework, although robust, is fragmented and insufficient to regulate creations that are, by nature, transnational. Critical gaps are identified in three areas: the attribution of authorship, the protection of hybrid works, and the management of their economic rights in the digital environment. The conclusion underscores an urgent need: the international community must move toward a coordinated governance framework that harmonizes national approaches and establishes clear and uniform guidelines. Only in this way will it be possible to protect and leverage these creations, ensuring fairness and fostering innovation in global science.
Downloads
References
Abbott, R. (2020). The reasonable robot: Artificial intelligence and the law. Cambridge University Press. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/reasonable-robot/092E62F0087270F1ADD9F62160F23B5A
Asamblea Nacional del Poder Popular de la República de Cuba. (2022). Ley No. 154 "De los Derechos del Autor y del Artista Intérprete". Gaceta Oficial de la República de Cuba, Edición Ordinaria No. 122.https://share.google/QZYefDgtTsGSwrL3t
Boden, M. A. (2018). Artificial intelligence: A very short introduction. Oxford University Press. https://academic.oup.com/book/415
Centro Español de Derechos Reprográficos (CEDRO). (2018, 8 de mayo). El Estatuto de la Reina Ana, origen del Derecho de Autor. https://www.cedro.org/blog/articulo/blog.cedro.org/2018/05/08/estatuto-reina-ana-origen-derechos-autor
European Parliament. (2020). Report on intellectual property rights for the development of artificial intelligence technologies (2020/2015(INI)). https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-9-2020-0277_EN.html
Ginsburg, J. C., & Budiardjo, L. A. (2019). Authors and machines. Berkeley Technology Law Journal, 34 (2), 343–406. https://share.google/pqbc5HBTQoTHcMToI
Guibault, L. (2021). The future of copyright in the age of artificial intelligence. En Research handbook on intellectual property and digital technologies. Edward Elgar Publishing.https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/usd/research-handbook-on-intellectual-property-and-digital-technologies-9781785368332.html
Japón. (1970). Ley de derechos de autor (Ley N.º 48, modificada al 1 de enero de 2022). https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/legislation/details/21342
Nagashima & Partners. (2024, 21 de abril). Report on AI and Copyright Issues by Japanese Government. https://www.nagashima.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/ip_en_no4_1.pdf
OMPI. (1979). Convenio de Berna para la Protección de las Obras Literarias y Artísticas. https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/es/wipo_pub_287-accessible1.pdf
OMPI. (2020). Revised issues paper on intellectual property policy and artificial intelligence(WIPO/IP/AI/2/GE/20/1). https://www.wipo.int/meetings/es/doc_details.jsp?doc_id=499504
Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC). (1994). Acuerdo sobre los Aspectos de los Derechos de Propiedad Intelectual relacionados con el Comercio (ADPIC).https://share.google/60FcLCegp7M4KIzl9
Stephens, H. (2024, 10 de marzo). Japan’s Text and Data Mining (TDM) Copyright Exception: What It Really Says. Hugh Stephens Blog. https://hughstephensblog.net/2024/03/10/japans-text-and-data-mining-tdm-copyright-exception-for-ai-training-a-needed-and-welcome-clarification-from-the-responsible-agency/
Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea (TJUE). (2009). Caso C-5/08, Infopaq International A/S v. DanskeDagbladesForening. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex:62008CJ0005
UNESCO. (2021). Recomendación sobre la Ética de la Inteligencia Artificial.https://www.unesco.org/es/articles/recomendacion-sobre-la-etica-de-la-inteligencia-artificial
Unión Europea. (2019). Directiva (UE) 2019/790 del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, de 17 de abril de 2019, sobre los derechos de autor y los derechos afines en el mercado único digital y por la que se modifican las Directivas 96/9/CE y 2001/29/CE. Diario Oficial de la Unión Europea, L 130. https://www.boe.es/doue/2019/130/L00092-00125.pdf
Unión Europea. (2024). Reglamento (UE) 2024/1689 del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, de 13 de junio de 2024, por el que se establecen normas armonizadas en materia de inteligencia artificial (Ley de inteligencia artificial). Diario Oficial de la Unión Europea, L. https://ai-act-service-desk.ec.europa.eu/en/ai-act/article-53#:~:text=Providers%20must%20maintain%20technical%20documentation,public%20summary%20of%20training%20data.
United Nations General Assembly. (1948). Universal declaration of human rights (217 A [III]). https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights
U.S. Copyright Office. (2023). Copyright Registration Guidance: Works Containing Material Generated by Artificial Intelligence. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/03/16/2023-05321/copyright-registration-guidance-works-containing-material-generated-by-artificial-intelligence
U.S. Copyright Office. (2023–2025). Copyright and Artificial Intelligence. https://www.copyright.gov/ai/
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Ad Hoc
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
