El acuerdo de paz entre Ruanda y la República Democrática del Congo en 2025

Abstract

Relations between the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and Rwanda have been marked by structural tensions linked to historical, geostrategic, and economic factors. The resurgence of the March 23 Movement (M23) since 2021, with the tacit support of the Rwandan Defense Forces (RDF), exacerbated the security crisis in eastern DRC, generating regional instability. Given the ineffectiveness of African conflict resolution mechanisms, external actors such as the United States and Qatar played a decisive role in mediating the conflict. The intergovernmental agreement signed in Washington in June 2025 and the subsequent Declaration of Principles in Doha between the M23 and the DRC constitute significant diplomatic milestones, structured around a logic of exchanging security for access to strategic minerals. The structure of the pact reflects the growing instrumentalization of diplomacy as a vehicle for geoeconomic interests, especially in the context of global competition for natural resources. The fragility of the implementation mechanisms and the exclusion of the M23 from the central agreement compromise the sustainability of the process and the possibility of lasting peace.